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onload="MM_preloadImages('images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c1_f2.jpg','images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c3_f2.jpg','images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c4_f2.jpg','images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c6_f2.jpg','images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c8_f2.jpg','images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c10_f2.jpg','images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c12_f2.jpg')"> <div class=Section1> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=770 style='width:577.5pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;background:white;mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=760 style='width:570.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:3.0pt'> <td colspan=3 style='background:#DECDBE;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height: 3.0pt'></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width="35%" style='width:35.0%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan=2 style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td colspan=3 valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td width="38%" valign=top style='width:38.0%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=199 height=47 id="_x0000_i1053" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/logo.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/logo.gif"></span><span class=style31><span style='font-size:8.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;October 3rd 2007 </span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="39%" style='width:39.0%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/request_info.php"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=256 height=73 id="_x0000_i1052" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/free_brochure.jpg" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/free_brochure.jpg"></span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td width="23%" valign=top style='width:23.0%;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/about.php"><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=75 height=15 id="_x0000_i1051" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/about_link.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/about_link.gif"></span></a><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span class=style21><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>1.800.321.3177</span></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td colspan=3 style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=758 style='width:568.5pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <!-- fwtable fwsrc="main_nav.png" fwpage="Page 1" fwbase="main_nav.jpg" fwstyle="Dreamweaver" fwdocid = "1432670629" fwnested="0" --> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=107 height=1 id="_x0000_i1050" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=2 height=1 id="_x0000_i1049" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=106 height=1 id="_x0000_i1048" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=2 height=1 id="_x0000_i1047" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=106 height=1 id="_x0000_i1046" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span 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New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=2 height=1 id="_x0000_i1043" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=106 height=1 id="_x0000_i1042" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=2 height=1 id="_x0000_i1041" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" 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src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c14.jpg" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/main_nav_r1_c14.jpg"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=1 height=23 id="_x0000_i1027" src="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif" alt="http://www.fielderschoicedirect.com/images/main_nav/spacer.gif"></span><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:4.5pt'> <td colspan=3 style='background:#BF311A;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height: 4.5pt'></td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:102.0pt'> <td colspan=3 valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in;height:102.0pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Management of Herbicide Resistance Weeds in Corn<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Dr. <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Dick Bohling</st1:PersonName>, CCA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>David Haines, CCA<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Resistance of weeds to herbicides is not new or unique.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Pesticide resistance is a world wide issue and is not confined to a single pest.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Insect resistance was first reported in 1908, disease pathogens to fungicides in 1940 and weed resistance to herbicides (triazines) in 1968.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>By 1991, 120 weed biotypes were resistant to triazine herbicides.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>According to the Weed Science Society of America the definition of herbicide resistance is:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span> the inherited ability of a plant to survive and reproduce following exposure to a dose of herbicide normally lethal to the wild type.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>In a plant, resistance may be naturally occurring or induced by such techniques as genetic engineering or selection of variants produced by tissue culture or mutagenesis .<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Herbicide tolerance is defined as:  the inherent ability of a species to survive and reproduce after herbicide treatment.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>This implies that there was no selection or genetic manipulation to make the plant tolerant; it is naturally tolerant .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>How does selection of resistant weed biotypes happen?<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Selection for change in weed populations begins with a small number of plants within a given weed specie that have a genetic makeup that enables them to survive a particular herbicide application.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>How this genetic difference happened is not well understood, however herbicides are known to cause mutations that allows for resistance.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>The numbers of resistant biotypes are present in low numbers in the overall natural population and when a herbicide is applied, the majority of the susceptible weeds die but the resistant weeds survive, grow to maturity and produce seed.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>If the same herbicide is applied over time, the percentage of resistant plants will increase.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Herbicide resistant weeds are linked directly to the herbicide program used, and the crop management practices employed.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Herbicide characteristics that can affect weed resistance are:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Herbicides that act on a single site of action.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Herbicides that are applied multiple times during the growing season.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Herbicides used for several consecutive growing seasons.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Herbicides used without other weed control options such as cultivation.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Weeds by nature have a very diverse genetic background that gives them the ability to adapt to different environments.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Weeds that have a diverse genetic background can have a resistant biotype within the population.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>While the number of these resistant biotype weeds may be small, there is a very real chance that a given herbicide will select for weed survival.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Two factors increase this probability:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Weed reproduction capability<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Weed seed dispersal method<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>The more prolific the reproduction the greater the success of a resistant biotype and the greater the potential for the bio-type to spread and become a dominant part of the weed population.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Weed seeds have extended viability and once established, a herbicide biotype will be extremely difficult to eliminate from the weed population.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Because of the ability of weeds to become resistant to herbicides, it is important that growers use good herbicide resistant management strategies.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>The North Central Weed Science Society Herbicide Resistance Committee has developed the following guidelines for avoiding and managing problems associated with herbicide resistant weeds.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Use herbicides only when necessary.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Herbicide applications should be based on economic thresholds.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Rotate herbicide site of action.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Do not make more than two consecutive applications of a herbicide with the same site of action to the same field, unless other effective control practices are also included in the management system. <o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Apply herbicide in tank-mixed, pre-packaged, or sequential mixtures that include multiple sites of action.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>These herbicides, however, must have substantial activity against potentially resistant weeds.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>In the past, weeds that were selected for herbicide resistance often were not the primary weed target.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Rotate crops, particularly those with different life cycles such as winter wheat and alfalfa.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Remember not to use herbicides with the same site of action in both crops, unless other effective control practices are included in the management system.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Planting new herbicide resistant crops such as the Roundup Ready<sup>®</sup> System should not result in more than two consecutive applications of herbicide with the same site of action against the same weed, unless other effective control practices such as the use of an appropriate residual herbicide is incorporated into the overall management plan.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Combine, where feasible, mechanical weed control practices such as a rotary hoe or cultivation with the herbicide program.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Include, where soil erosion potential is minimal, primary tillage as a component of the weed management system.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Scout fields regularly and identify the weeds that are present.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Respond quickly to changes in weed populations by restricting the spread of weeds that may have been selected for resistance.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Clean tillage and harvest equipment thoroughly before moving from fields that are infested with resistant weeds to those that are not.<o:p></o:p></span></li> <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>Encourage organizations that use total vegetative control programs to use vegetative management systems that do not lead to selection of herbicide resistant weeds.<o:p></o:p></span></li> </ul> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>The use of Roundup Ready<sup>®</sup> corn systems allows for safe and effective weed control.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>A good practice to follow with Roundup Ready<sup>®</sup> corn is the use of a residual pre-emerge herbicide such as Harness<sup>®</sup> in conjunction with Roundup<sup>®</sup>.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>There are many benefits to this combination such as multiple site of action from the combination of herbicides, and also allowing for more timely applications of Roundup<sup>®</sup> when the crop and weed stage of growth is best for weed control.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-h